JE UNAFAHAMU JINA HALISI LA JOSEPH KABILA ANAITWA "HYPOLITE KANAMBE KAZEMBEREMBE"? NA NI MTOTO WA KUFIKIA WA LAURENT DESIRE KABILA?. Kumekuwepo maswali mengi sana ndani ya Kongo DRC na nchi nyingi Afrika juu ya uhalisia wa Joseph Kabila Kabange (JKK) kuhusishwa na Unyarwanda (Rwandese), kumetolewa taarifa nyingi za siri zinazo mtaja JKK kuwa sio mtoto wa kuzaa wa Mzee Laurent Desiree Kabila raisi wa tatu wa Kongo DRC na kiongozi wa zamani wa kundi la uasi la AFDL, aliye uondosha madarakani utawala wa vipindi virefu wa Mobutu Seseseko Kuku Ngwendu wa Zabanga kupitia ile iliyoitwa Operation Banyamrenge/Bahima. Joseph Kabila mwenyewe na wafuasi wake wamekuwa wakikanusha hilo na kuhusisha taarifa hizo na njama chafu za kumchafua. Mwaka 2010 kwenye maadhimisho ya miaka kumi ya kifo cha Laurent Desire Kabila, Joseph Kabila mwenyewe alitoa maelezo kuhusiana na taarifa hizo zinazo muhusisha na unyarwanda. Pamoja na maelezo yaliyokanusha ya yeye kuhusishwa na taarifa hizo bado kumekuwepo taarifa na ushahidi mwingi unaoendelea kutolewa kuthibitisha kuwa Joseph Kabila ni Mnyarwanda na sio mtoto wa kuzaa wa Mzee Kabila. Moja ya tafiti hizo zinazo zungumzia sintofahamu hii ya Joseph Kabila ni "Waraka" ulio chapishwa na jarida la "Africa Federation" jarada hilo lilipewa jina la (titled) : CONCERNING THE TRUE IDENTITY OF MR. HYPPOLITE KANAMBE ALIAS “JOSEPH KABILA” ndani ya jarida lina mtaja Joseph Kabila kuwa sio mtoto wa kuzaliwa na Kabila mzee, waraka huu unaonesha kuwa mke wa Kabila mzee aliyeitwa Sifa Mahanga alikuwa na watoto sita (6) tu ambao alizaa na mzee Laurent-Desire Kabila. Kati ya watoto hao ambao Sifa Mahanga mke wa mzee Kabila alio zaa nao ni Josephine, Cecile, Masengo, Gloria, Kiki and Maguy. Katika list hiyo Joseph kabila hayumo. Je huyu Joseph Kabila Kabangee (JKK) anaye tajwa kuwa sio mtoto wa kuzaa (biological child) wa Mzee Kabila ni nani? Kimsingi huyu Joseph Kabila aliyekuwa rais wa nne wa taifa la Kongo DRC jina lake halisi anaitwa Hypolitte Christopher Kanambe na alizaliwa tarehe 04 June 1971 katika kijiji kidogo cha Hewabora, kilichopo katika mji wa Fizi jimboni Kivu ya kusini (South Kivu Province in the Eastern Congo) huku baba yake akiitwa Christopher Kanambe Kazemberembe na mama yake akiitwa Marcellina Mukambukuje. Baba yake alikuwa ni muasi kutoka kabila la Watuttsi aliyepinga utawala wa Juvenal Habyarimana raisi wa Rwanda kipindi hicho. Huyo Christopher Kanambe alikimbia Rwanda yeye na familia yake na kukimbilia nchini Kongo DRC mwaka 1960 baada ya machafuko ya kwanza ya kikabila nchini Rwanda yaliyo anza mwaka 1959, na katika harakati hizo za kutaka kuuondoa utawala wa Juvenal Habyarimana madarakani akafanikiwa kutana na Mzee Laurent Kabila mwaka 1964 aliyekuwa kwenye mapigano ya kumpinga Mobutu Seseseko huko mashariki ya Kongo DRC ,wakawa marafiki chanda na pete kwenye issue zao za kivita. Baada ya kukutana na kuendelea na ushirikiano wao kwa makubaliano kwamba Mzee Kabila amsaidie Christopher Kanambe kumuondoa Juvenal Habyalimana madarakani kisha yeye atamsaidia Kabila kumuondosha Mobutu ikulu ya Kinshasa. Walikubaliana hayo kwakua utawala wa Mobutu ulikuwa umewekeza base yake kubwa Rwanda chini ya utawala wa Juvenal Habyalimana (Mtoto wake wa ubatizo) hivyo kufatia sababu hizo Rwanda ilikuwa kikwazo kikubwa kufanikisha mapambano dhidi ya utawala wa Mobutu. Mwaka 1977 bwana Christopher Kanambe ambae ndie baba yake wa kumzaa Joseph Kabila alifariki dunia (duru za ndani zinataja Mzee kabila kuhusika, tutalitazama hili baadae) na kwa mujibu wa mila zao na taratibu za kijeshi ilibidi kabila amrithi mke wa Kanambe yani huyo mwanamama Marcellina pamoja na watoto wake wawili mapacha ambao ni Hypolitte na Jenny (wale wa karibu na escape 1 mnakumbuka utajiiri na matanuzi ya huyu dada). Baada ya kuchukuliwa na Mzee Kabila wote rasmi wakaanza kuitwa kabila, yani huyo Hypolite na Jenny walibadili majina yao kwa Hypolite kuitwa Joseph kabila na huyo Jenny kuitwa Jennifer Kabila. Ila katika harakati za Mzee Kabila za mapambano yalipo mzidi alikimbilia Tanzania na familia yake ingawaje alikuwa na wanawake 13 na watoto 25 katika sehemu mbalimbali huko Kongo DRC. Huyu Joseph Kabila (JKK) a.k.a Hypolite ni mpwa wa mkuu wa majeshi wa zamani wa Rwanda anae aitwaye James kabarebe na hadi mwaka 1996 huyu Hypolite alikuwa ni dereva wake kwenye vita ya Banyamulenge ya kumsaidia Mzee Kabila kumtoa Mobutu madarakani, hilo linathibitishwa na waziri wa mambo ya nje kipindi cha utawala wa Mzee Kabila aliyeitwa Bizima Karaha ambae alikuwa ni mnyarwanda, ambae mara kadhaa Karaha anasema anakumbuka kumuona Kabila akiwa dereva wa Kabarebe mwaka 94 na 95 alikuwa porini na jeshi la kagame la RPF ambalo lilikuwa likimsaidia Mzee Kabila katika vita vya msituni dhidi ya Mobutu. Je ni Kwanini Joseph Kabila alipewa uraisi wa Kongo DRC kama hakuwa raia wa Kongo DRC? Katika kujibu swali hilo na kulielewa vizuri ni vyema turejee historia ya kifo cha baba yake Kabila aliyeitwa Christopher Kanambe ambae alikuwa ni mtusi wa Rwanda. plan hii ya kupewa uraisi Joseph Kabila ni plan iliyo injiniwa na Paul Kagame rais wa Rwanda ambae baada ya kuvulugana na Mzee Kabila kufatia kukwama kwa makubaliano ya kile kilichoitwa "Mkataba wa Lemela" ilikuwa ni mpango wa kumuondoa Laurent Kabila duniani na kumuweka mnyarwanda huyu Joseph (Hypolite) mkakati huu ulifanyika kwa umakini wa hali ya juu sana ambapo kijasusi mbinu hizi huitwa "TROJAN HORSE TECHNIC". Sasa turejee kwenye habari ya kifo cha BABA YAKE HYPPOLITE........ Christopher Kanambe Kazemberembe na Mzee Laurent Kabila walikutana na kuanza ushirikiano wao mwaka 1964 kila mmoja akiwa anapambania nchi yake, Kanambe Vs Wahutu (Juvenal Habyarimana) na Kabila Vs Mobutu Seseseko, kufatia mapambano hayo mambo yakawa magumu mwaka 1966 kufatia jeshi la Mobutu kujibu mapigo kwa kusambalatisha uasi wote huko mashariki ya Kongo, kufatia hali hiyo Kanambe na Kabila wakakimbilia Tanzania chini ya mwamvuli wa P.R.P. (Parti de la Revolution du Peuple). Baada ya vita ya Moba, Mobutu seseseko alituma watu kumuhonga hela nyingi Christopher Kanambe ambaye ni baba halisi wa Joseph Kabila ili amuue Laurent Kabila lakini mission ilibuma, baada ya mzee Laurent kabila kupenyezewa taarifa hizo, hivyo Kabila akaitisha kikao sehemu iitwayo Nyunzu huko mashariki ya Kongo DRC wanajeshi wake kadhaa wakapatikana na hatia akiwemo Christopher kanambe na wakahukumiwa kifo, lakini kabla ya hukumu ya Christopher Kanambe kutekelezwa aliuwawa na askali wake mwaka 1977 kisha huyo askali nae kuuwawa na walinzi wa Kanambe. Baada ya kifo cha Kanambe Laurent Desiree Kabila akamuoa Marcelina mke wa Kanambe na kuwa adopt watoto wake mapacha Jenny na Hypolitte......... Ukweli ni kwamba huyu Hypolite (JKK) alizaliwa Kongo, na baba yake Christopher Kanambe alikuwa ukimbizini akifanya uasi dhidi ya serikali ya wahutu ya Habyarimana, na baada ya kifo chake zilitumika mila za kivu, kurithiwa na mzee Kabila. Joseph Kabila, jina lake harisi anaitwa Hyppolite Kanambe Kazemberembe, baba yake wa kufikia Mzee Laurent Kabila alikua na wake zaidi ya 13 na watoto zaidi ya 25 na wengine hawajulikani kwani mzee Kabila hakua na muda wa kuwalea watoto hao kwani kipindi wanaishi Msasani Dar es salaam ambako Hyppolite Kanambe alilazimika kufanya kazi za ufundi, taxi dreva na barman katika Jiji la Dar es salaam na Kigoma kipindi hicho baba yake wa kufikia Laurent Desiree Kabila alikua ana ishi Tanzania huku anapigana vita na Mobutu Sese Seko huko Kongo DRC wakati huo ikiitwa Zaire. Mwaka 1995, Hyppolite Kanambe aliamua kurudi kwao Rwanda ambako alipokelewa na mjomba wake James Kabarebe, ambae alikuwa ni mkuu wa intelijensia ya Rwandan Patriotic Army (APR), alimkaribisha Kanambe nyumabni kwake na kumtafutia kazi ya udereva wa ma lori na baadae akawa dereva wake katika jeshi. Mwaka 1996, Marekani ilipoandaa shambulio dhidi ya Zaire, kupitia ile iliyoitwa "Operation Banyamrenge" chini ya Paul Kagame, Kagame alimchagua Kanal James Kabarebe kuwa kiongozi mkuu wa Operation hiyo na kuhakikisha Mobutu anapinduliwa. Katika kuajilia wanajeshi watakao husika na operation hiyo Banyamrenge Kabarebe aliamua kumweka mpwa wake Hyppolite Kanambe (Joseph Kabila) katika mazoezi ya kijeshi ili baadae ampatie nafasi jeshini, baada ya Hippolyte Kanambe kuhitimu mafunzo aliajiliwa kwenye jeshi la Rwanda kupitia mgongo wa James Kabarebe na alitumika katika jeshi la Rwanda kuanzia mwaka 1995 mpaka 1997, na alitumika pia kama mlinzi wa kagame kuanzia mwaka 1997 mpaka mwaka 1998 alipo rudi Kongo DRC na kuteuliwa kuwa Major General kwenye special Force iliyokuwa ikiendesha operation maalumu huko mashariki ya Kongo DRC. Je Kuna uhusiano wowote wa Joseph Kabila kuhusika katika mauaji ya Laurent Desiree Kabila?... Je kuna lolote lile linalohusishwa na ulipaji kisasi cha baba yake marehemu Kanambe Kazemberembe? Au upi uhusiano baina ya "Operation Banyamrenge" na mkakati wa Bahima Platform dhidi ya Joseph kabila na kifo cha Mzee Kabila?... Itaendelea sehemu ya pili. Endelea kuwa na mimi katika sehemu ya Pili kupata majibu ya maswali hayo....upate kujua kuwa nchi ya Kongo DRC bado ipo contolled by remote from kigali maana Tshisekedi ni pambo tu. 👉📎Ukinakili kazi zangu kumbuka kufanya acknowledgment. ®Wako Mjoli wa Historia na diplomasia ya ulimwengu. Ndimi: Comred Mbwana Allyamtu © Copy rights of this article reserved ®written by Comred Mbwana Allyamtu

JAMBAZI MTUKUTU. Nchini Tanzania, kuna manju 'Dj' fulani wa muziki anayejulikana kwa jina maarufu la 'DJ JD' au kwa kirefu *'DJ John Dilinga'.* Huyu ni moja kati ya maDj wakongwe na mahiri sana tuliobahatika kuwa nao hapa nchini Tanzania. Kwa wale wapenzi na wadau wa muziki wa 'bongofleva' hususani wa miaka ya nyumanyuma kidogo, bila shaka mtakua mnamfahamu Dj huyu. Kwa muda mrefu nimekuwa nikitamani kufahamu ni kwanini anaitwa John Dilinga..nikiwa nataka kujua kama hilo ni jina lake halisi au ni 'a.k.a'. Maana ni kawaida kuona watu mbalimbali hususani walio kwenye tasnia ya burudani wakitumia majina ya ziada (a.k.a) kuliko majina yao halisi. Kitu kilichonifanya nianze na DJ JD ni baada ya kugundua kuwa leo ni tarehe 22 Julai. Tarehe ambayo ulimwengu mzima unamtaja bwana mmoja mtukutu sana, aliyewahi kusumbua vichwa vya maofisa usalama wa nchi ya Marekani, akifahamika kama *John Dillinger.* Huyu alikuwa ni moja kati ya wahuni wakubwa nchini Marekani aliyetamba sana katika miaka ya 1930 kwa kujihusisha na matukio ya kihalifu hususani uporaji wa fedha kwenye mabenki. Tofauti ni kwamba John Dilinga wa Tanzania ni DJ, wakati John Dillinger wa Marekani alikuwa ni jambazi mtukutu. Utukutu wake ulianza angali ana umri mdogo na hata aliweza kuacha shule ili kwenda kutafuta pesa!! Alianza kama mdokozi wa vitu vidogovidogo lakini tukio lake la kwanza lilikuwa ni *kuiba gari*, kisha 'kwenda misele' kwa mpenzi wake mpya. Siku chache baadae alikuja kukamatwa na mapolisi akiwa anazurula mtaani japokuwa alifanikiwa kuchoropoka na 'kutokomea kusikojulikana'. Baadae alipata kazi katika jeshi la majini 'navy', akifanya katika meli ya jeshi ya 'USS Uttah'. Baada ya miezi kadhaa John Dillinger alitoroka kazini. April 1924 akiwa hana shughuli ya kumuingizia kipato, John Dillinger alifunga ndoa na mwanadada Beryl Hovious ambapo walienda kuishi kwenye nyumba ya baba yake ambapo John Dillinger aliahidi kwamba sasa atatulia na kuacha utukutu wote. Lakini wiki chache baada ya ndoa, Dillinger alikamatwa na hata kufikishwa mahakamani kwa kosa la wizi wa kuku, "nadhani alikuwa anatafuta mboga ya kwenda kula na mkewe". Lakini kwa msaada wa Baba yake, kesi ya Dillinger iliweza kufutwa. Baadae Dillinger aliamua kutoka kwenye nyumba ya baba yake na kwenda kuishi kwenye nyumba ya wazazi wa mwanamke ambapo huko alibahatika kupata kazi kwenye duka la kuuza vifaa vya ujenzi. Akiwa huko, Dillinger alikutana na rafiki yake wa muda mrefu aitwaye *Edgar Singleton,* ambapo walipanga mikakati ya kuiba pesa. Ndipo tarehe 6 septemba 1924 waliiba pesa katika moja ya Grocery japokuwa walikamatwa na kufikishwa mahakamani ambapo John Dillinger alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 20 katika Gereza la "Indiana State Reformatory in Pendleton". Alipokuwa jela, alikutana na wafungwa wengine ambao walimfundisha mbinu nyingine za uhalifu mkubwa hususani uporaji wa fedha kwenye mabenki. Alitumikia kifungo chake hadi mwaka 1933 kwa paroli. Siku chache tu baada ya kutoka jela, John Dillinger alifanya uhalifu mkubwa, safari hii akivamia benki na kuiba pesa benki ingawa alikamatwa na kuhukumiwa kifungo katika gereza la Lima. Siku chache baada ya Dillinger kuingia jela, wafungwa 12 ambao baadhi yao ni rafiki zake Dillinger, waliweza kutoroka katika gereza la "Indiana State Prison". Hili ni gereza alilowahi kufungwa John Dillinger baada ya kuhamishwa toka kwenye gereza lile la awali. Miongoni mwa hao waliotoroka, ambao baadhi yao ni marafiki wa Dillinger, walifika katika gereza alilofungwa Dillinger lengo ni kumtorosha rafiki yao. Walimuua askari mmoja na kuchukua funguo kisha kufungua mlango wa selo alilomo Dillinger kisha kutoroka naye. Baada ya kutoroka, John Dillinger na wenzake walielekea mjini Chicago ambapo waliunda genge kubwa la kihalifu *Dillinger Gang*. Genge hili lilipora pesa kwenye mabenki mbalimbali, na ili kuongeza nguvu, walivamia ghala la silaha na kuiba silaha nzitonzito walizozotumia katika shughuli zao za kihalifu. Wahuni hao walitokea kupata umaarufu mkubwa pale Marekani, hususani huyu Dillinger ambaye alikuwa maarufu sana mithili ya 'nyota wa hollywood' kwani kila siku jina lake lilikuwa likitajwa kwenye vyombo vya habari na kuandikwa magazetini. Sifa nyingine ya genge hili ni kwamba walikuwa watanashati mno wakipendelea kuvaa suti na kofia nyeusi. Januari 15 1934, Dillinger alivamia benki kuiba pesa. Katika tukio la majibizano ya risasi, Dillinger alimuua askari mmoja aliyejulikana kwa jina la William O'Malley. Yeye alipigwa risasi kadhaa japokuwa hakufa kwasababu alivaa 'bullet proof'. Baadae, 'Dillinger Gang' walikuja kukamatwa, ambapo Dillinger alipelekwa katika gereza la *crown point* kwa kosa la kumuua Askari. Gereza hilo lilipewa jina la 'escape proof' kwakuwa lilikuwa nj ngumu kutoroka hapo. Umaarufu wake ulipelekea wananchi kufurika mahakamani na gerezani kwa ajili ya kutaka kumuona John Dillinger. Tarehe 3 Machi 1934, John Dillinger alifanikiwa kutoroka tena katika gereza la *Crown point,* safari hii akitoroka kwa kutumia 'bunduki feki' aliyoichonga kwa kutumia mbao na kuipaka rangi nyeusi. Aliitumia bunduki hiyo kumtisha askari kisha akapora gari la askari na kutoroka nalo. Kitendo hiko kiliwafanya polisi waombe msaada kutoka *FBI* ambao walifanya msako kabambe wa kumkamata John Dillinger. Alipotoroka, alikimbilia mjini Chicago ambako huko aliunda Genge jipya safari hii akimchukua mtu hatari aliyejulikana kama 'Baby Face Nelson'. Genge hilo liliendelea kufanya matukio mengi ya uporaji wa pesa benki na hata wizi wa silaha. Katika kipindi hiki, John Dillinger alianzisha mahusiano na binti aliyeitwa 'Polly Hamilton' mhudumu wa mgahawa pale Chicago ambaye hapo kabla alikuwa akijihusisha na ukahaba. Ifahamike kuwa kipindi yupo jela, Dillinger alitalikiana na yule mkewe. MSAKO wa kumpata John Dillinger ulikuwa ukiendelea ambapo FBI walisambaza picha za Dillinger pamoja na kutangaza dau nono kwa yeyote atakayefanikisha upatikanaji wake. FBI walitangaza dau la dola $10,000 kwa yeyote atakayefakiwa kumkamata Dillinger na $5,000 kwa yule atakayetoa taarifa za kupatikana kwake. John Dillinger alisumbua sana vichwa vya maafisa usalama kiasi cha FBI kumtangaza kuwa *"Public Enemy Nō 1".* Ukiona hadi mtu anaitwa Public Enemy Nō 1 ujue huyo alikuwa ni 'kiboko pasua kichwa'. John Dillinger naye hakuwa nyuma katika kuhakikisha hakamatwi. Unajua alifanyaje??. Aliamua kufanya operesheni ya uso *"plastic surgery"* ili kubadilisha muonekano wa sura yake. Pia alifanya uperesheni ya kubadilisha alama za vidole yaani 'finger prints'. Mkuu wa FBI bwana J. Edgar Hoover alimteua bwana Samuel Cowley kuongoza misheni ya kumkamata John Dillinger. Cowley naye aliungana na Afisa *Mervin Purvis* kutoka mjini Chicago. Kwa pamoja walishirikiana na polisi kuhakikisha huyu 'Adui namba moja' anapatikana. Ilikuwa ni siku ya tarehe 21 Julai 1934 ambapo maafisa usalama walipokea simu kutoka kwa mwanadada mmoja aliyejitambulisha kwa jina la Anna. Binti huyu alitoa taarifa za siri kwamba 'kesho jioni, yeye, John Dillinger pamoja na mpenzi wake, Polly Hamilton, wataenda kuangalia filamu kwenye moja ya majumba ya sinema, akaeleza kwamba watachagua kwenda aidha Biograph Theater au Marbo Theater. Na wakapanga kwamba atavaa vazi la rangi nyekundu ili iwe rahisi kwa maofisa hao kumtambua. Ilipofika kesho yake, maofisa wakampigia simu Anna Sage ili 'ku-comfirm' ni wapi wataenda kati ya Biograph au Marbo??. Lakini kwakua Anna alikuwa bado hajui ni wapi haswa wataenda, tuliona maofisa usalama wakiongozwa na Marvin Purvis wakijigawa kwenda 'kukava' sehemu zote mbili. Hatimaye ilipofika majira ya saa 2:30 usiku, Anna, John Dillinger pamoja na Polly Hamilton, walionekana wakiingia kwenye jumba la sinema la *Biograph Theater*. Baada ya kina Dillinger kuingia, tukaona wale maofisa wengine waliokuwepo kule 'Marbo Theater' wakiwasili haraka pale 'Biograph Theater' kwa ajili ya kuongeza nguvu. Saa 4:30 usiku, baada ya filamu kumalizika, alionekana John Dillinger akiwa na wale warembo wake wawili, mmoja kulia mwingine kushoto, wakiwa wanatoka nje. Wakati wanakuja usawa wa aliposimama ofisa Purvis. Purvis aliwasha sigara yake kama ishara ya wale wenzake kusogea jirani. Wakati anafanya hivyo, kumbe Dillinger alikuwa *'ameshahisi hali ya hatari',* akatoa bastola yake huku akijihami kwa kujaribu kukimbia. Lakini kabla hajafika mbali, risasi tatu zilifika kwenye mwili wa John Dillinger. Risasi moja ikipenya upande wa nyuma wa shingo na kutokezea kwenye sikio. Dakika chache zilizofuata, hospitali ya Alexian Brothers ilitangaza kifo cha John Dillinger. Na hiyo ndio ikawa mwisho wa mtukutu huyu ambaye alifariki tarehe kama ya leo *22 Julai 1934.* Baada ya kuenea taarifa za kifo chake watu wengi walifurika eneo la tukio angalau waweze kuuona mwili wa John Dillinger. **** Lakini nafahamu utakuwa unajiuliza yule mwanadada aliyetoa taarifa za siri za kurahisisha kukamatwa kwa John Dillinger ni nani na kwanini alifanya hivyo?!! Baadae nitaeleza kisa hiko. Lakini kwa sasa tuishie hapa. Ahsante.

Georgia Survives Scare Against South Carolina Georgia narrowly escaped an upset against South Carolina, winning 24-21 on September 8, 2024. Carson Beck threw for 280 yards and two touchdowns, but South Carolina’s defense kept the game close, forcing two turnovers. Georgia’s defense held strong in the final minutes, securing the victory and maintaining their undefeated season. https://www.longhornsfootballgear.com/Texas-Longhorns-Arch-Manning-Jersey

#escape

DID YOU KNOW..?? IF NOT THEN NOW YOU KNOW..!!🙃 PART 5 SAFETY COFFINS 》Cholera outbreaks, and bacterial infections causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, were prevalent in the 18th and 19th centuries. They left not only the communities it impacted very ill. But also very fearful of being buried alive. It was during this time clever feats of engineering sought to comfort the panicked population. One such invention was the safety coffin. The safety coffin provided its occupants the ability to escape from their newly found entrapment and alert others above ground that they were indeed still alive. Many safety coffins included comfortable cotton padding, feeding tubes, intricate systems of cords attached to bells, and escape hatches. Unfortunately, most neglected methods for providing air. An account from 1791 explains the death of a man from Manchester, Robert Robinson, and a prototype of a safety coffin. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum fitted with a special door that could be opened from the outside by the watchman on duty. Inside Robinson's coffin was a removable glass panel. Before his death, Robinson had instructed his family to periodically check on the glass inserted in the coffin. If the pane of glass had indications of condensation from his breath, he was to be removed immediately. However, the first true recorded safety coffin was for Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792. The coffin included an air tube, a lock to the coffin lid that corresponded with keys he kept in his pocket, and a window to allow light in. 1892 saw the rise of the bell system, created by Dr. Johann Gottfried Taberger. Bells housed above ground are connected to strings attached to the body's head, hands, and feet. If the bell rang, the cemetery watchman would insert a tube into the coffin and pump air using bellows until the person could be safely evacuated from their grave. However, due to the process of natural decay, a swelling corpse could activate the bell system leading to false beliefs those buried inside were alive. Despite its popular use, there is no record of a safety coffin saving anyone. Many of the old burial customs from history resurfaced as fables and idioms we use currently. Some experts believe the idiom 'saved by the bell' originated from the use of safety coffins.

"When Things Fall Apart" by Pema Chödrön is a profound exploration of how to find peace and wisdom in the midst of life's difficulties. Here are 10 key lessons from the book: 1. Acceptance of Impermanence: Chödrön teaches that all things are impermanent and subject to change. Learning to accept this fundamental truth can help us navigate life's ups and downs with greater ease. 2. Facing Fear and Uncertainty: Instead of avoiding or denying difficult emotions like fear and uncertainty, Chödrön encourages us to face them head-on. By embracing our discomfort, we can cultivate courage and resilience. 3. The Path of Fearlessness: Fearlessness doesn't mean the absence of fear; rather, it's the courage to act in spite of fear. Chödrön teaches that true fearlessness comes from facing our fears with an open heart and mind. 4. Groundlessness as a Path to Freedom: In times of crisis or upheaval, we may feel like the ground beneath us is crumbling. Chödrön suggests that embracing this groundlessness can lead to a sense of freedom and openness. 5. Compassion for Ourselves and Others: Developing compassion for ourselves and others is essential for navigating difficult times. Chödrön teaches that self-compassion is the foundation for genuine compassion towards others. 6. The Practice of Meditation: Meditation is a powerful tool for cultivating mindfulness and awareness. Chödrön emphasizes the importance of incorporating meditation into our daily lives as a means of finding inner peace and clarity. 7. Letting Go of Attachments: Attachment to outcomes, people, or circumstances can lead to suffering. Chödrön teaches that true freedom comes from letting go of our attachments and embracing the present moment as it is. 8. The Wisdom of No Escape: There is no escaping the inevitable challenges and difficulties of life. Chödrön encourages us to stop searching for an easy way out and instead embrace life's messiness with an open heart and mind. 9. Finding Refuge in the Present Moment: The present moment is the only moment we truly have. Chödrön teaches that finding refuge in the present moment can bring us peace and clarity, even in the midst of chaos. 10. The Path of Bodhisattva: Chödrön introduces the concept of the bodhisattva, someone who dedicates their life to alleviating the suffering of others. By walking the path of the bodhisattva, we can find meaning and purpose in our own suffering and use it as a catalyst for awakening compassion. These lessons from "When Things Fall Apart" offer profound insights into how to find peace, wisdom, and compassion in the midst of life's challenges.

15 Reasons Why Reading Books Should Be Part of Your Life: 1. Knowledge Highway: Books offer a vast reservoir of knowledge on virtually any topic imaginable. Dive deep into history, science, philosophy, or explore new hobbies and interests. 2. Enhanced Vocabulary: Regular reading exposes you to a wider range of vocabulary, improving your communication skills and comprehension. 3. Memory Boost: Studies suggest that reading can help sharpen your memory and cognitive function, keeping your mind active and engaged. 4. Stress Reduction: Curling up with a good book can be a form of mental escape, offering a temporary reprieve from daily anxieties and a chance to unwind. 5. Improved Focus and Concentration: In today's fast-paced world filled with distractions, reading strengthens your ability to focus and concentrate for extended periods. 6. Empathy and Perspective: Stepping into the shoes of fictional characters allows you to develop empathy and gain a deeper understanding of different perspectives. 7. Enhanced Creativity: Reading exposes you to new ideas and thought processes, potentially sparking your own creativity and problem-solving skills. 8. Stronger Writing Skills: Immersing yourself in well-written prose can improve your writing style, sentence structure, and overall communication clarity. 9. Improved Sleep Quality: Swap screen time for a book before bed. The calming nature of reading can help you relax and unwind, promoting better sleep quality. 10. A Portal to New Worlds: Books transport you to different times, places, and realities. Experience thrilling adventures, historical events, or fantastical journeys from the comfort of your armchair. 11. Lifelong Learning: Reading is a journey of continuous learning and self-discovery. There's always something new to learn, regardless of your age or interests. 12. Conversation Starter: Books provide a treasure trove of topics for conversation, fostering connections and enriching discussions with others. 13. Family Bonding: Reading together as a family creates lasting memories, strengthens relationships, and instills a love for reading in younger generations. 14. Budget-Friendly Entertainment: Compared to other forms of entertainment, books offer a cost-effective way to enjoy leisure time and broaden your horizons. 15. A Gift that Keeps Giving: Books are timeless presents that can be revisited and cherished for years to come, offering endless enjoyment and intellectual stimulation.