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  • "INJINI MOJA YA BOEING787 DREAMLINER INASUKUMA TANI MOJA NA ROBO YA HEWA KWA SEKUNDE IKIWA KATIKA 'FULL POWER'
    (Hesabu inasema, inachukua takribani miezi isiyopungua mitatu kwa binaadam wa kawaida kutumia kiwango hiki cha hewa)

    Leo si vibaya kama tukifahamu juu juu kuhusu aina ya injini za ndege ili kila mmoja wetu asibaki nyuma sana.

    Zipo ndege zenye injini 1,2,3,4,6 hadi 8 katika ndege moja.
    Ndege nyingi zinaendeshwa na injini za aina 2 kwa muonekano tuliozoea.

    (1)-Injini za Jeti (Zenye mfano wa pipa lililolazwa)

    (2)-Injini za Propeller (Maarufu Mapangaboi)

    1> MFUMO WA INJINI ZA JETI
    Huu umegawanyika kutokana na 'modification' ya ufanisi na matumizi yake ambazo pia zipo katika makundi mbalimbali mfano,

    *Turbojet 'PureJet'(Mfumo wa ndege nyingi za awali)

    *Turbofan(Mfumo wa ndege nyingi za sasa)

    *Turboshaft(Mfumo wa baadhi ya ndege za sasa mfano Helicopter n.k

    *Scramjet.(Mfumo ulio katika ndege za majaribio za mwendokasi mara nyingi ufanisi wake uanzia mara tano ya kasi ya sauti 'Hypersonic')

    Injini za jeti zinafanya kazi kwa:

    1-Kunyonya hewa mbele (suck)
    2-Kukandamiza (compression)
    3-Kulipua hewa iliyokandamizwa kwa kuchanganya na mafuta(Ignition)
    4-Kisha inatoka/kupulizwa nyuma kwa kasi kubwa na kuisukuma ndege mbele.(Thrust)
    Mfano mzuri kazi ya injini hizi ni kama Puto lililopulizwa na kuachiwa hewani pasipo kuzibwa mdomo wake.(Action and reaction)

    Ndege nyingi za kisasa zinatumia injini aina ya 'Turbofan' (Gas driven) katika kundi la jeti ambazo zinasemakana kuwa na nguvu kubwa na ulaji mdogo wa mafuta.
    (Unaweza kutambua injini hizi kwa haraka kwa kuona feni kubwa lililo mbele ya injini kwa ndani kidogo..usifananishe na mapangaboi)

    Injini za 'Turbojet/Purejet' ambazo moja kwa moja zinanyonya hewa mbele zinakandamiza,kulipua na kuitoa hewa moja ya moto kwa kasi nyuma ambayo ndiyo nguvu pekee inayosukuma ndege kwenda mbele, hutumia mafuta mengi kuliko
    Injini ya 'Turbofan' ambayo ni tofauti kidogo kwani feni lake linavuta na kusukuma hewa mbili nyuma huku hewa ya kwanza ikiwa ile inayoingia kwenye mfumo wa ndani ya injini ambayo unyonywa,kukandamizwa na kulipuliwa na hewa ya pili ni pale hewa ya kwanza iliyolipuliwa kabla ya kufika nje inazungusha visahani maalum 'turbine' zilizoungwa na 'shaft' kwenda kwenye feni lake mbele ambapo huzunguka pamoja na feni na kufanya livute na kusukuma nyuma hewa ya pili yenye nguvu zaidi inayopita nje ya mfumo wa injini(Bypass air) hivyo kuleta nguvu zaidi kwa kutumia mafuta kidogo.

    2-MFUMO WA INJINI ZA MAPANGABOI
    Mapangaboi au 'Propeller'nazo zinafanya kazi kwa kutumia mapanga yake kuchota hewa mbele na kuisukuma nyuma kwa kasi na kuifanya ndege kwenda mbele.

    *Pangaboi linaweza kuwa linazungushwa na 'propeller' iliyoungwa na piston za injini,

    *Au kwa mapangaboi yenye injini ya 'turbo' (turbopropeller)yanazungushwa na hewa iliyolipuliwa (hii aina ya jeti engine yenye mapangaboi)kupitia visahani 'turbine' vilivyo ungwa na propela ya mapangaboi kupitia mfumo wa gear(Geared turboprop)au yanayozunguka kupitia mkandamizo 'pressure' ya hewa iliyolipuliwa pasipo kuungana na chochote (free turbine).

    *Pia 'turboshaft' Mapangaboi yanayozungushwa na hewa iliyolipuliwa kupitia visahani 'turbine' vilivyoungana na propela ya mapangaboi moja kwa moja,pia yaweza kuwa 'Geared' au ila si 'free turbine'

    Mifumo ya injini za kisasa ya mapangaboi inafanya kazi sawa na jeti (Ukiacha za piston)katika mfumo wa ufuaji wa nishati na kuzitofautisha tu katika muonekano wa nje wa injini.

    Injini zenye mfumo ya jeti ni fanisi zaidi kwa ndege zinazopaa anga za juu ambapo hewa ni hafifu,masafa marefu na mwendokasi hasa unaozidi spidi ya sauti 'supersonic'
    Wakati,
    Injini za mfumo wa Mapangaboi ni fanisi zaidi katika mwendo ulio chini ya spidi ya sauti 'subsonic',anga za chini na kati na masafa mafupi kwenda ya kati.

    Tukumbuke pia injini za ndege hazina mahusiano wala kiunganishi chochote na tairi za ndege.
    Tairi za ndege ni 'freewheel' na zimeunganishwa na mfumo wa 'brake' na kona tu.
    Hakuna kinachozungusha tairi kutoka kwenye injini bali zinafuata uelekeo wa kule ndege inaposukumwa.

    Crdts: Online,Aero book,wikimedia.
    "INJINI MOJA YA BOEING787 DREAMLINER INASUKUMA TANI MOJA NA ROBO YA HEWA KWA SEKUNDE IKIWA KATIKA 'FULL POWER' (Hesabu inasema, inachukua takribani miezi isiyopungua mitatu kwa binaadam wa kawaida kutumia kiwango hiki cha hewa) Leo si vibaya kama tukifahamu juu juu kuhusu aina ya injini za ndege ili kila mmoja wetu asibaki nyuma sana. Zipo ndege zenye injini 1,2,3,4,6 hadi 8 katika ndege moja. Ndege nyingi zinaendeshwa na injini za aina 2 kwa muonekano tuliozoea. (1)-Injini za Jeti (Zenye mfano wa pipa lililolazwa) (2)-Injini za Propeller (Maarufu Mapangaboi) 1> MFUMO WA INJINI ZA JETI Huu umegawanyika kutokana na 'modification' ya ufanisi na matumizi yake ambazo pia zipo katika makundi mbalimbali mfano, *Turbojet 'PureJet'(Mfumo wa ndege nyingi za awali) *Turbofan(Mfumo wa ndege nyingi za sasa) *Turboshaft(Mfumo wa baadhi ya ndege za sasa mfano Helicopter n.k *Scramjet.(Mfumo ulio katika ndege za majaribio za mwendokasi mara nyingi ufanisi wake uanzia mara tano ya kasi ya sauti 'Hypersonic') Injini za jeti zinafanya kazi kwa: 1-Kunyonya hewa mbele (suck) 2-Kukandamiza (compression) 3-Kulipua hewa iliyokandamizwa kwa kuchanganya na mafuta(Ignition) 4-Kisha inatoka/kupulizwa nyuma kwa kasi kubwa na kuisukuma ndege mbele.(Thrust) Mfano mzuri kazi ya injini hizi ni kama Puto lililopulizwa na kuachiwa hewani pasipo kuzibwa mdomo wake.(Action and reaction) Ndege nyingi za kisasa zinatumia injini aina ya 'Turbofan' (Gas driven) katika kundi la jeti ambazo zinasemakana kuwa na nguvu kubwa na ulaji mdogo wa mafuta. (Unaweza kutambua injini hizi kwa haraka kwa kuona feni kubwa lililo mbele ya injini kwa ndani kidogo..usifananishe na mapangaboi) Injini za 'Turbojet/Purejet' ambazo moja kwa moja zinanyonya hewa mbele zinakandamiza,kulipua na kuitoa hewa moja ya moto kwa kasi nyuma ambayo ndiyo nguvu pekee inayosukuma ndege kwenda mbele, hutumia mafuta mengi kuliko Injini ya 'Turbofan' ambayo ni tofauti kidogo kwani feni lake linavuta na kusukuma hewa mbili nyuma huku hewa ya kwanza ikiwa ile inayoingia kwenye mfumo wa ndani ya injini ambayo unyonywa,kukandamizwa na kulipuliwa na hewa ya pili ni pale hewa ya kwanza iliyolipuliwa kabla ya kufika nje inazungusha visahani maalum 'turbine' zilizoungwa na 'shaft' kwenda kwenye feni lake mbele ambapo huzunguka pamoja na feni na kufanya livute na kusukuma nyuma hewa ya pili yenye nguvu zaidi inayopita nje ya mfumo wa injini(Bypass air) hivyo kuleta nguvu zaidi kwa kutumia mafuta kidogo. 2-MFUMO WA INJINI ZA MAPANGABOI Mapangaboi au 'Propeller'nazo zinafanya kazi kwa kutumia mapanga yake kuchota hewa mbele na kuisukuma nyuma kwa kasi na kuifanya ndege kwenda mbele. *Pangaboi linaweza kuwa linazungushwa na 'propeller' iliyoungwa na piston za injini, *Au kwa mapangaboi yenye injini ya 'turbo' (turbopropeller)yanazungushwa na hewa iliyolipuliwa (hii aina ya jeti engine yenye mapangaboi)kupitia visahani 'turbine' vilivyo ungwa na propela ya mapangaboi kupitia mfumo wa gear(Geared turboprop)au yanayozunguka kupitia mkandamizo 'pressure' ya hewa iliyolipuliwa pasipo kuungana na chochote (free turbine). *Pia 'turboshaft' Mapangaboi yanayozungushwa na hewa iliyolipuliwa kupitia visahani 'turbine' vilivyoungana na propela ya mapangaboi moja kwa moja,pia yaweza kuwa 'Geared' au ila si 'free turbine' Mifumo ya injini za kisasa ya mapangaboi inafanya kazi sawa na jeti (Ukiacha za piston)katika mfumo wa ufuaji wa nishati na kuzitofautisha tu katika muonekano wa nje wa injini. Injini zenye mfumo ya jeti ni fanisi zaidi kwa ndege zinazopaa anga za juu ambapo hewa ni hafifu,masafa marefu na mwendokasi hasa unaozidi spidi ya sauti 'supersonic' Wakati, Injini za mfumo wa Mapangaboi ni fanisi zaidi katika mwendo ulio chini ya spidi ya sauti 'subsonic',anga za chini na kati na masafa mafupi kwenda ya kati. Tukumbuke pia injini za ndege hazina mahusiano wala kiunganishi chochote na tairi za ndege. Tairi za ndege ni 'freewheel' na zimeunganishwa na mfumo wa 'brake' na kona tu. Hakuna kinachozungusha tairi kutoka kwenye injini bali zinafuata uelekeo wa kule ndege inaposukumwa. Crdts: Online,Aero book,wikimedia.
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  • Important Shortcut Keys System

    CTRL+A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select All
    CTRL+C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy
    CTRL+X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut
    CTRL+V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste
    CTRL+Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo
    CTRL+B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bold
    CTRL+U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline
    CTRL+I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italic
    F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Help
    F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rename selected object
    F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Find all files
    F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens file list drop-down in dialogs
    F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refresh current window
    F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shifts focus in Windows Explorer
    F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activates menu bar options
    ALT+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycles between open applications
    ALT+F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quit program, close current window
    ALT+F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between current program windows
    ALT+ENTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens properties dialog
    ALT+SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System menu for current window
    ALT+¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens drop-down lists in dialog boxes
    BACKSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch to parent folder
    CTRL+ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens Start menu
    CTRL+ALT+DEL . . . . . . . . . . Opens task manager, reboots the computer
    CTRL+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move through property tabs
    CTRL+SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . Create shortcut (also right-click, drag)
    CTRL+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy File
    ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancel last function
    SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press/hold SHIFT, insert CD-ROM to bypass auto-play
    SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . Move file
    SHIFT+F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens context menu (same as right-click)
    SHIFT+DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Full wipe delete (bypasses Recycle Bin)
    ALT+underlined letter . . . . Opens the corresponding menu
    PC Keyboard Shortcuts
    Document Cursor Controls
    HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to beginning of line or far left of field or screen
    END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to end of line, or far right of field or screen
    CTRL+HOME . . . . . . . . to the top
    CTRL+END . . . . . . . . . . to the bottom
    PAGE UP . . . . . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog box up one page
    PAGE DOWN . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog down one page
    ARROW KEYS . . . . . . . move focus in documents, dialogs, etc.
    CTRL+ > . . . . . . . . . . . . next word
    CTRL+SHIFT+ > . . . . . . selects word
    Windows Explorer Tree Control
    Numeric Keypad * . . . Expand all under current selection
    Numeric Keypad + . . . Expands current selection
    Numeric Keypad – . . . Collapses current selection
    ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand current selection or go to first child
    ‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collapse current selection or go to parent
    Special Characters
    ‘ Opening single quote . . . alt 0145
    ’ Closing single quote . . . . alt 0146
    “ Opening double quote . . . alt 0147
    “ Closing double quote. . . . alt 0148
    – En dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0150
    — Em dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0151
    … Ellipsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0133
    • Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0149
    ® Registration Mark . . . . . . . alt 0174
    © Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0169
    ™ Trademark . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0153
    ° Degree symbol. . . . . . . . . alt 0176
    ¢ Cent sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0162
    1⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0188
    1⁄2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0189
    3⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0190
    PC Keyboard Shortcuts
    Creating unique images in a uniform world! Creating unique images in a uniform world!
    é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0233
    É . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0201
    ñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0241
    ÷ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0247
    File menu options in current program
    Alt + E Edit options in current program
    F1 Universal help (for all programs)
    Ctrl + A Select all text
    Ctrl + X Cut selected item
    Shift + Del Cut selected item
    Ctrl + C Copy selected item
    Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
    Ctrl + V Paste
    Shift + Ins Paste
    Home Go to beginning of current line
    Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document
    End Go to end of current line
    Ctrl + End Go to end of document
    Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line
    Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line
    Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time
    Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time
    MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS
    Alt + Tab Switch between open applications
    Alt +
    Shift + Tab
    Switch backwards between open
    applications
    Alt + Print
    Screen
    Create screen shot for current program
    Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager
    Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu
    Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar
    F2 Rename selected icon
    F3 Start find from desktop
    F4 Open the drive selection when browsing
    F5 Refresh contents
    Alt + F4 Close current open program
    Ctrl + F4 Close window in program
    Ctrl + Plus
    Key
    Automatically adjust widths of all columns
    in Windows Explorer
    Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon
    or program
    Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item
    Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently
    Holding Shift
    During Bootup
    Boot safe mode or bypass system files
    Holding Shift
    During Bootup
    When putting in an audio CD, will prevent
    CD Player from playing
    WINKEY SHORTCUTS
    WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows
    WINKEY + M Minimize all windows
    WINKEY +
    SHIFT + M
    Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M
    and WINKEY + D
    WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer
    WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar
    WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature
    WINKEY +
    CTRL + F
    Display the search for computers window
    WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help
    WINKEY + R Open the run window
    WINKEY +
    Pause /Break
    Open the system properties window
    WINKEY + U Open utility manager
    WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)
    OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS
    Alt + S Send the email
    Ctrl + C Copy selected text
    Ctrl + X Cut selected text
    Ctrl + P Open print dialog box
    Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar
    Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
    Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
    Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
    Ctrl + R Reply to an email
    Ctrl + F Forward an email
    Ctrl + N Create a new email
    Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar
    Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox
    Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox
    Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task
    Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact
    Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry
    WORD® SHORTCUT KEYS
    Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page
    Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
    Ctrl + C Copy selected text
    Ctrl + X Cut selected text
    Ctrl + N Open new/blank document
    Ctrl + O Open options
    Ctrl + P Open the print window
    Ctrl + F Open find box
    Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
    Ctrl + K Insert link
    Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
    Ctrl + V Paste
    Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed
    Ctrl + Z Undo last action
    Ctrl + G Find and replace options
    Ctrl + H Find and replace options
    Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment
    Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left
    Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left
    Ctrl + E Align selected
    Important Shortcut Keys System CTRL+A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select All CTRL+C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy CTRL+X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut CTRL+V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste CTRL+Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo CTRL+B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bold CTRL+U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline CTRL+I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italic F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Help F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rename selected object F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Find all files F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens file list drop-down in dialogs F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refresh current window F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shifts focus in Windows Explorer F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activates menu bar options ALT+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycles between open applications ALT+F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quit program, close current window ALT+F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between current program windows ALT+ENTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens properties dialog ALT+SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System menu for current window ALT+¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens drop-down lists in dialog boxes BACKSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch to parent folder CTRL+ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens Start menu CTRL+ALT+DEL . . . . . . . . . . Opens task manager, reboots the computer CTRL+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move through property tabs CTRL+SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . Create shortcut (also right-click, drag) CTRL+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy File ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancel last function SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press/hold SHIFT, insert CD-ROM to bypass auto-play SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . Move file SHIFT+F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens context menu (same as right-click) SHIFT+DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Full wipe delete (bypasses Recycle Bin) ALT+underlined letter . . . . Opens the corresponding menu PC Keyboard Shortcuts Document Cursor Controls HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to beginning of line or far left of field or screen END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to end of line, or far right of field or screen CTRL+HOME . . . . . . . . to the top CTRL+END . . . . . . . . . . to the bottom PAGE UP . . . . . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog box up one page PAGE DOWN . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog down one page ARROW KEYS . . . . . . . move focus in documents, dialogs, etc. CTRL+ > . . . . . . . . . . . . next word CTRL+SHIFT+ > . . . . . . selects word Windows Explorer Tree Control Numeric Keypad * . . . Expand all under current selection Numeric Keypad + . . . Expands current selection Numeric Keypad – . . . Collapses current selection ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand current selection or go to first child ‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collapse current selection or go to parent Special Characters ‘ Opening single quote . . . alt 0145 ’ Closing single quote . . . . alt 0146 “ Opening double quote . . . alt 0147 “ Closing double quote. . . . alt 0148 – En dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0150 — Em dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0151 … Ellipsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0133 • Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0149 ® Registration Mark . . . . . . . alt 0174 © Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0169 ™ Trademark . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0153 ° Degree symbol. . . . . . . . . alt 0176 ¢ Cent sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0162 1⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0188 1⁄2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0189 3⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0190 PC Keyboard Shortcuts Creating unique images in a uniform world! Creating unique images in a uniform world! é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0233 É . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0201 ñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0241 ÷ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0247 File menu options in current program Alt + E Edit options in current program F1 Universal help (for all programs) Ctrl + A Select all text Ctrl + X Cut selected item Shift + Del Cut selected item Ctrl + C Copy selected item Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item Ctrl + V Paste Shift + Ins Paste Home Go to beginning of current line Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document End Go to end of current line Ctrl + End Go to end of document Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + Tab Switch between open applications Alt + Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications Alt + Print Screen Create screen shot for current program Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar F2 Rename selected icon F3 Start find from desktop F4 Open the drive selection when browsing F5 Refresh contents Alt + F4 Close current open program Ctrl + F4 Close window in program Ctrl + Plus Key Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon or program Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently Holding Shift During Bootup Boot safe mode or bypass system files Holding Shift During Bootup When putting in an audio CD, will prevent CD Player from playing WINKEY SHORTCUTS WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows WINKEY + M Minimize all windows WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help WINKEY + R Open the run window WINKEY + Pause /Break Open the system properties window WINKEY + U Open utility manager WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later) OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + S Send the email Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + P Open print dialog box Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + R Reply to an email Ctrl + F Forward an email Ctrl + N Create a new email Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry WORD® SHORTCUT KEYS Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + N Open new/blank document Ctrl + O Open options Ctrl + P Open the print window Ctrl + F Open find box Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + K Insert link Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + V Paste Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed Ctrl + Z Undo last action Ctrl + G Find and replace options Ctrl + H Find and replace options Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left Ctrl + E Align selected
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  • UCHAMBUZI WA GEORGE AMBANGILE.
    .
    .
    .

    ✍🏻Ni ile mechi ambayo kama Traffic barabarani anaita magari ya upande mmoja tu , ni jinsi Yanga walivyoitawala kwa kila kitu kuanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho

    1: Walikuwa imara zaidi kwenye mipambano yao hasa kuwania mpira

    2: Walikuwa makini na pasi zao

    3. walikuwa wanajua muda gani wa kuharakisha na muda gani wa kutulia kwanza na umiliki wa mpira

    4: Idadi nzuri ya wachezaji wanaoenda kushambulia

    5: Wanapora mipira katika maeneo sahihi na muda muafaka wa kufanya hivyo ( angalia hata goli la kwanza , turn over nzuri )

    6: Ufanisi mbele ya goli ( kama sio umakini wa John Noble basi hata zaidi ya matano leo )

    ✍🏻Positions za Boka na Kibwana zilikuwa zinasaidia sana kufungua space ya nje na ndani kwa Pacome na Mzize ... kivipi ?

    1: Boka : anakuwa kama winga inamruhusu Mzize kuwa ndani katikati ya fullback wa kulia na beki wa kati wa Fountain Gate ( maana yake anakuwa karibu sana goli kabla ya kubadilishiwa nafasi kucheza namba 9 )

    2: Kibwana : Anakuwa anaingia ndani mara kadhaa karibu na Aziz Ki ( hasa kipindi cha kwanza na mara kadhaa kipindi cha pili ) inaruhusu Pacome kuwa na space kubwa upande wa kulia

    ✍🏻Fountain Gate , wanajua kabisa leo acha ipite wafikirie mechi nyingine , mlima ulikuwa mrefu sana kwao , na hawakujisaidia wenyewe na set up yao : Spaces nyingi wanaacha , wakiwa nyuma pia hawa track runners , wanachelewa kufika kwenye actions za mpira , wakiupata mpira mbele wanakuwa wachache kiasi kwamba mpira unapotea na kurudi kwao tena haraka .

    NOTE

    1: Aziz KI playmaking , anachagua positions tofauti za kuwa huru kupokea mpira

    2: Ambundo akiwa na mali anaitunza lakini hana options nzuri mbele yake

    3: Kibwana na Boka good game

    4: John Noble kapunguza idadi ya magoli , saves nzuri kadhaa

    5: Game ya Mzize inazidi kuwa bora , hasa decision making

    6: Pacome , kirahisi angepiga hat trick leo kama sio umahiri wa Noble. Dribbling na ufundi wake

    FT: Yanga SC 5-0 Fountain Gate
    UCHAMBUZI WA GEORGE AMBANGILE. . . . ✍🏻Ni ile mechi ambayo kama Traffic barabarani anaita magari ya upande mmoja tu , ni jinsi Yanga walivyoitawala kwa kila kitu kuanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho 1: Walikuwa imara zaidi kwenye mipambano yao hasa kuwania mpira 2: Walikuwa makini na pasi zao 3. walikuwa wanajua muda gani wa kuharakisha na muda gani wa kutulia kwanza na umiliki wa mpira 4: Idadi nzuri ya wachezaji wanaoenda kushambulia 5: Wanapora mipira katika maeneo sahihi na muda muafaka wa kufanya hivyo ( angalia hata goli la kwanza , turn over nzuri ) 6: Ufanisi mbele ya goli ( kama sio umakini wa John Noble basi hata zaidi ya matano leo ) ✍🏻Positions za Boka na Kibwana zilikuwa zinasaidia sana kufungua space ya nje na ndani kwa Pacome na Mzize ... kivipi ? 1: Boka : anakuwa kama winga inamruhusu Mzize kuwa ndani katikati ya fullback wa kulia na beki wa kati wa Fountain Gate ( maana yake anakuwa karibu sana goli kabla ya kubadilishiwa nafasi kucheza namba 9 ) 2: Kibwana : Anakuwa anaingia ndani mara kadhaa karibu na Aziz Ki ( hasa kipindi cha kwanza na mara kadhaa kipindi cha pili ) inaruhusu Pacome kuwa na space kubwa upande wa kulia ✍🏻Fountain Gate , wanajua kabisa leo acha ipite wafikirie mechi nyingine , mlima ulikuwa mrefu sana kwao , na hawakujisaidia wenyewe na set up yao : Spaces nyingi wanaacha , wakiwa nyuma pia hawa track runners , wanachelewa kufika kwenye actions za mpira , wakiupata mpira mbele wanakuwa wachache kiasi kwamba mpira unapotea na kurudi kwao tena haraka . NOTE 1: Aziz KI playmaking , anachagua positions tofauti za kuwa huru kupokea mpira 🔥 2: Ambundo akiwa na mali anaitunza lakini hana options nzuri mbele yake 3: Kibwana na Boka good game 🔥 4: John Noble kapunguza idadi ya magoli , saves nzuri kadhaa 5: Game ya Mzize inazidi kuwa bora , hasa decision making 🔥 6: Pacome , kirahisi angepiga hat trick leo kama sio umahiri wa Noble. Dribbling na ufundi wake 🔥 FT: Yanga SC 5-0 Fountain Gate
    ·134 Views
  • Sometimes I think about life on dreaming but I saw many action I did rather than on a dream
    Sometimes I think about life on dreaming but I saw many action I did rather than on a dream
    ·93 Views
  • Mwanaume hahitaji mwanamke mwenye sura nzuri kama Miss Utalii na makalio yanayoweweseka akitembea kama mshumaa unaopulizwa na upepo wa bahari ya Hindi.... Hizi ni sifa temporary kwa ajili ya tamaa za macho na ngono..... THERE IS LIFE BEYOND ATTRACTION AND SEX...

    Ndo maana utashangaa mtu amedate mademu 20 wakali kinoma wenye wezere kama wamejiumba lakini anaoa mwanamke wa kawaidaaa sana, mwenye sura kama amepiga chafya ya ghafla, halafu unaanza kujiuliza huyu kaka amekosa nini... Yaani wanawake wote wakali aliotoka nao ndo kaishia hapa....!!?
    Jibu ni kuwa Hajakosa kitu, amevumbua DHAHABU.

    Mwanaume anahitaji Mwanamke MSAIDIZI....MSHAURI...MBEMBELEZAJI....MTIA MOYO...MWENYE MAONO na KHOFU YA MUNGU...
    Sio mwanamke anajua club zote mpya zilizofunguliwa wiki hii lakini hana taarifa kama kuna Plots zinauza Eneo fulani ili amshauri mmewe ku-acquire land.

    Endelea kushangaa na mkalio wako kama Dansa wa baikoko, umetemwa na anaolewa bishost ambae hajawahi hata kuvaa kipedo pengine tangu azaliwe, anavaa charanga..

    Kama unadhani makalio makubwa yenye kuweweseka mithili ya bendela kwenye upepo mkali na shepu ni dili sana nyakati hizi za ugumu wa maisha, nenda kaombe kazi kwenye baikoko....

    Acha Tutaendelea kuoa vituko kwa sababu vina Akili sana na Vinajiheshimu na wewe utaendelea kualikwa kwenye harusi kama mtazamaji ili upate vya kusimulia na kukosoa..
    Mwanaume hahitaji mwanamke mwenye sura nzuri kama Miss Utalii na makalio yanayoweweseka akitembea kama mshumaa unaopulizwa na upepo wa bahari ya Hindi.... Hizi ni sifa temporary kwa ajili ya tamaa za macho na ngono..... THERE IS LIFE BEYOND ATTRACTION AND SEX... Ndo maana utashangaa mtu amedate mademu 20 wakali kinoma wenye wezere kama wamejiumba lakini anaoa mwanamke wa kawaidaaa sana, mwenye sura kama amepiga chafya ya ghafla, halafu unaanza kujiuliza huyu kaka amekosa nini... Yaani wanawake wote wakali aliotoka nao ndo kaishia hapa....!!? Jibu ni kuwa Hajakosa kitu, amevumbua DHAHABU. Mwanaume anahitaji Mwanamke MSAIDIZI....MSHAURI...MBEMBELEZAJI....MTIA MOYO...MWENYE MAONO na KHOFU YA MUNGU... Sio mwanamke anajua club zote mpya zilizofunguliwa wiki hii lakini hana taarifa kama kuna Plots zinauza Eneo fulani ili amshauri mmewe ku-acquire land. Endelea kushangaa na mkalio wako kama Dansa wa baikoko, umetemwa na anaolewa bishost ambae hajawahi hata kuvaa kipedo pengine tangu azaliwe, anavaa charanga.. Kama unadhani makalio makubwa yenye kuweweseka mithili ya bendela kwenye upepo mkali na shepu ni dili sana nyakati hizi za ugumu wa maisha, nenda kaombe kazi kwenye baikoko.... Acha Tutaendelea kuoa vituko kwa sababu vina Akili sana na Vinajiheshimu na wewe utaendelea kualikwa kwenye harusi kama mtazamaji ili upate vya kusimulia na kukosoa..🤣🤣
    ·540 Views
  • Simple is my best action
    Simple is my best action
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    ·299 Views
  • In Action
    In Action 🏋️
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    1
    ·280 Views
  • Beautiful evening if you like show reaction#fyp#trending#viral
    Beautiful evening 🥰😍if you like show reaction#fyp#trending#viral
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    1 Comments ·729 Views
  • .... Not All Enemies Are Enemies.

    When baboons and monkeys heard that the man who used to chase them away from the maize field has died, they hysterically celebrated.

    The following year, there was no maize. That's when they painfully realised the dead man was the farmer!

    People might not see the usefulness of your actions today but will realize its importance when you are no longer present.

    Remember, not all enemies are enemies.
    .... Not All Enemies Are Enemies. When baboons and monkeys heard that the man who used to chase them away from the maize field has died, they hysterically celebrated. The following year, there was no maize. That's when they painfully realised the dead man was the farmer! People might not see the usefulness of your actions today but will realize its importance when you are no longer present. Remember, not all enemies are enemies.
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  • Make sure you show the who are you by action
    Make sure you show the who are you by action
    ·187 Views
  • 👊🏼 "Action is the foundational key to all success." -
    👊🏼 "Action is the foundational key to all success." -
    Like
    1
    ·313 Views
  • Usijalibu kuenda na wakati acha wakati uende wenyewe !!
    kujihisi una kismati ,,apo unajiroga wewe !!
    Umekologa ww ilo nzege ,,ulitaka amalize nani !!
    Acha uzembe ,,maisha hayanaga utani !!
    kukata tamaa ni dhambi zaidi ya Ku cheat !!
    Maana bila hatia ndoto zako una zilawiti !!
    Hold on my niggah
    If you point the enemy let finger in trigger!!
    jigger" pointless its to be hurt broken!!
    Less action than you spoken !!
    4--5 formation world rotation !!
    never run out of plans motivation!!
    Msisitizo kuto kukata tamaa !!
    We uza ata sisal ata Ku bless jaah !!
    nyota huwa inang'aa usiku ,,ata mchana IPO !!
    Jua ulizaliwa bila kitu ,,kupata sio simple !!
    Sio jiko sio mshiko trusted people!!
    Binadamu ni wamungu mmoja but we can't be egual !!
    And you better be humble like stranger in the jungle !!
    Toka kitambo unahisi umeumbiwa shida !!
    Kila mtu suffer tofauti ni muda !!
    Usijalibu kuenda na wakati acha wakati uende wenyewe !! kujihisi una kismati ,,apo unajiroga wewe !! Umekologa ww ilo nzege ,,ulitaka amalize nani !! Acha uzembe ,,maisha hayanaga utani !! kukata tamaa ni dhambi zaidi ya Ku cheat !! Maana bila hatia ndoto zako una zilawiti !! Hold on my niggah If you point the enemy let finger in trigger!! jigger" pointless its to be hurt broken!! Less action than you spoken !! 4--5 formation world rotation !! never run out of plans motivation!! Msisitizo kuto kukata tamaa !! We uza ata sisal ata Ku bless jaah !! nyota huwa inang'aa usiku ,,ata mchana IPO !! Jua ulizaliwa bila kitu ,,kupata sio simple !! Sio jiko sio mshiko trusted people!! Binadamu ni wamungu mmoja but we can't be egual !! And you better be humble like stranger in the jungle !! Toka kitambo unahisi umeumbiwa shida !! Kila mtu suffer tofauti ni muda !!
    ·318 Views
  • ## ** Points Transactions **

    Now user will be able to see his Points Transactions and from where he got his points

    Will be available with v3.13

    Stay tuned for more news
    ## 🔥** Points Transactions **🔥 Now user will be able to see his Points Transactions and from where he got his points Will be available with v3.13 Stay tuned for more news
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    5 Comments ·525 Views
  • DID YOU KNOW?

    There are live enzymes in honey.

    When in contact with a metal spoon, these enzymes die.

    The best way to eat honey is with wooden or plastic spoon.

    Honey contains a substance that helps your brain work better.

    Honey is one of the rare foods on earth that alone can sustain human life.

    One teaspoon of honey is enough to sustain human life for 24 hours.

    Propolis that bees produce, is one of the most powerful natural antibiotics

    Honey has no expiration date.

    The bodies of the great emperors of the world were buried in golden coffins and then covered with honey to prevent putrefaction.

    The term "honeymoon" comes from the fact that newlyweds consumed honey for fertility after the wedding.

    A bee lives less than 40 days, visits at least 1000 flowers and produces less than a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime.

    One of the first coins had a bee symbol on it.

    Deep gratitude to the humble BEE!
    DID YOU KNOW? 🐝There are live enzymes in honey. 🐝When in contact with a metal spoon, these enzymes die. 🐝The best way to eat honey is with wooden or plastic spoon. 🐝Honey contains a substance that helps your brain work better. 🐝Honey is one of the rare foods on earth that alone can sustain human life. 🐝One teaspoon of honey is enough to sustain human life for 24 hours. 🐝Propolis that bees produce, is one of the most powerful natural antibiotics 🐝Honey has no expiration date. 🐝The bodies of the great emperors of the world were buried in golden coffins and then covered with honey to prevent putrefaction. 🐝The term "honeymoon" comes from the fact that newlyweds consumed honey for fertility after the wedding. 🐝A bee lives less than 40 days, visits at least 1000 flowers and produces less than a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime. 🐝One of the first coins had a bee symbol on it. Deep gratitude to the humble BEE!🐝
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  • Your Reactions makes me post more... show me your love
    Your Reactions makes me post more... show me your love ❤️
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    1
    1 Comments ·231 Views
  • Reactions make me post more Quotes
    📌Reactions make me post more Quotes 🔥
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    ·274 Views
  • 👊🏼 Cristiano Ronaldo, Eddie Hearn and Anthony Joshua’s reactions to the scorecards for #FuryUsyk

    (via @tntsportsboxing)
    👊🏼 Cristiano Ronaldo, Eddie Hearn and Anthony Joshua’s reactions to the scorecards for #FuryUsyk 👏 (via @tntsportsboxing)
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    ·451 Views
  • Guys mwenye kujua movie kali za action aniwekee hapa nimalizie weekend
    Guys mwenye kujua movie kali za action aniwekee hapa nimalizie weekend 📝📝📝📝
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    1 Comments ·400 Views
  • KICHUPA | Watu wapole waogope sana, sio binaadamu hao ni malaika

    Mjomba Ni mstaalabu sana anafanya kazi ya kuendesha lori la ma kontena ya machungwa .. mala zote huwa anafanya kazi hiyo akiwa na binti yake kutokana mama yake hayupo tena.. so Maisha yanaendelea hivyo mpaka binti inabidi amuache baba yake nae aende shule.. Baada ya binti yake kuanza shule siku moja baba anapokea simu kuwa binti yake ametekwa nyara.. Baba kama baba anakasirika na kuumia, binti yake mdogo ametekwa nyara na mtu asiye mfahamu..movie ndio imeanzia hapo baba atamjuaje mtekeji nyara, je binti yake atapona, huumzigo ni action

    Jiunge nyumbani Telegram
    https://t.me/HFilam_Official
    @dj_hxm_Movies_Hd_Official
    🔥KICHUPA | Watu wapole waogope sana, sio binaadamu hao ni malaika 😢 🧏‍♂️Mjomba Ni mstaalabu sana anafanya kazi ya kuendesha lori la ma kontena ya 🍊machungwa .. mala zote huwa anafanya kazi hiyo akiwa na binti yake kutokana mama yake hayupo tena.. so Maisha yanaendelea hivyo mpaka binti inabidi amuache baba yake nae aende shule.. 🤨Baada ya binti yake kuanza shule siku moja baba anapokea simu kuwa binti yake ametekwa nyara.. Baba kama baba 😡anakasirika na 😭kuumia, binti yake mdogo ametekwa nyara na mtu asiye mfahamu..movie ndio imeanzia hapo baba atamjuaje mtekeji nyara, je binti yake atapona, huumzigo 🔥ni action Jiunge nyumbani Telegram https://t.me/HFilam_Official @dj_hxm_Movies_Hd_Official
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    5 Comments ·804 Views
  • The life you have now is the result of your past choices and actions. You can change at anytime
    Make that time now !

    #deepthought #manenoyahekima
    @myhandsmytech
    The life you have now is the result of your past choices and actions. You can change at anytime Make that time now ! #deepthought #manenoyahekima @myhandsmytech
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